ABSTRACT
La reciente utilización de la tecnología del ADN para la identificación individual a traído consigo una revolución en las ciencias forenses, que ha alcanzado también a la America Latina. El análisis histórico muestra que en Costa Rica sehan logrado importantes avances y en la actualidad se encuentra consolidado el trabajo con los STRs, y se están en proceso de implementación los marcadores de ADNmt y del cromosoma Y. Sin embargo, la incorporación delas innovaciones de la genética forense se ha venido realizando, cíclicamente, de 5 a 10 años tarde respecto a lospaises desarrollados en este campo. Se espera un cambio de actitud en el futuro, al estar disponibles nuevas generacionesde marcadores de ADN, que permitan explotar a corto plazo todo el potencial de esta útil herramienta al servicio de la justicia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , DNA Fingerprinting/methods , Genetic Markers/genetics , Forensic Medicine/methods , Paternity , Costa Rica , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Complete electronic DNA profiles of 2006 randomly selected Costa Ricans, typed for 7 PCR-based loci, are presented. Such data may prove valuable for anthropological and forensic studies of the Costa Rican population.
Subject(s)
Humans , Genetics, Population , DNA Fingerprinting , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Costa Rica , GenotypeABSTRACT
In the last decade, the Costa Rican Central Valley population (CRCV), has received considerable scientific attention, attributed in part to a particularly interesting population structure. Two different and contradictory explanations have emerged: (1) An European-Amerindian-African admixed population, with some regional genetic heterocigosity and moderate degrees of consanguinity, similar to other Latin-American populations. (2) A genetic isolate, with a recent founder effect of European origin, genetically homogeneous, with a high intermarriage rate, and with a high degree of consanguinity. Extensive civil and religious documentation, since the settlement of the current population, allows wide genealogy and isonymy studies useful in the analysis of both hypotheses. This paper reviews temporal and spatial aspects of endogamy and consanguinity in the CRCV as a key to understand population history. The average inbreeding coefficients (a) between 1860 and 1969 show a general decrease within time. The consanguinity in the CRCV population is not homogeneous, and it is related to a variable geographic pattern. Results indicate that the endogamy frequencies are high but in general it was not correlated with a values. The general tendency shows a consanguinity decrease in time, and from rural to urban communities, repeating the tendencies observed in other countries with the same degree of development, and follows the general Western World tendency. Few human areas or communities in the world can be considered true genetic isolates. As shown, during last century, the CRCV population has had consanguinity values that definitively do not match those of true genetic isolates. A clear knowledge of the Costa Rican population genetic structure is needed to explain the origin of genetic diseases and its implications to the health system.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Marriage , Consanguinity , Genetics, Population , Pedigree , Analysis of Variance , Costa RicaABSTRACT
Nicaraguans have become the most numerous and fastest increasing minority in Costa Rica: at present they represent around 6 of the total population of the country. We have analyzed the allele and genotype frequencies of six PCR-based genetic markers (LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8, GC, and HLA-DQA1) in 100 unrelated Nicaraguans living in Costa Rica. All loci studied were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Some statistical parameters of forensic interest were also calculated (h, PD and CE). Allele frequencies of the markers HLA-DQA1 and GYPA were found to be significantly different between the populations of Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Nevertheless, genetic distances showed that Nicaragua is close to other Hispanic-admixed populations like those from Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, and USA Hispanics. The loci set was assessed to be useful for paternity testing and individual identification in the Nicaraguan population residing in Costa Rica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Gene Frequency , Genetic Markers , Alleles , Costa Rica , Forensic Anthropology , Genotype , Nicaragua , Paternity , Polymorphism, Genetic , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
A study of several loci blood groups (ABO, Diego, Duffy, Kell, Kidd, Lewis, Lutheran, MNSs, P, Rhesus and Secretor), and Hp serum protein was carried out on a sample of 2,196 unrelated Costa Rican individuals of both sexes. Data was classified and analyzed according to geographic regions. Gene frequencies and the goodness of fit to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were estimated by the maximum likelihood method. A geographic structuring was observed in the Costa Rican population. All the regions of Costa Rica show higher heterozigosity values than the ones observed in the indigenous Costa Rican groups, but similar or slightly higher than the ones observed in the Spanish populations. The genetic distance analysis evidenced that the regions of Costa Rica group close to each other in intermediate positions between the Amerindians and the Spanish, fact that is coherent with the statement that attributes a intermediate origin to the general population of Costa Rica. The data contradicts the idea that the Central region has a radically different population than the rest of the country. The outcome of these markers revealed poor values of exclusion probability in forensic and paternity cases, which confirms the importance of their replacement for DNA markers in the outlines of human identification of judicial investigation systems. These results are similar to other studies made in Latin American populations.